Category: First Aid

First Aid Seizures

Seizures

The brain controls how the body moves by sending out small electrical signals through the nerves to the muscles. Seizures, or convulsions, occur when abnormal signals from the brain change the way the body functions.

Seizures are different from person to person. Some people have only slight shaking of a hand and do not lose consciousness. Other people may become unconscious and have violent shaking of the entire body.

Shaking of the body, either mild or violent, does not always occur with seizures. Some people who have seizures have symptoms before the seizure (auras) or briefly lose touch with their surroundings and appear to stare into space. Although the person is awake, he or she does not respond normally. Afterwards, the person does not remember the episode.

Not all body shaking is caused by seizures. Many medical conditions can cause a type of body shaking that usually affects the hands and head (tremors).

A small number of people will have only one seizure during their lifetime. A single seizure usually lasts less than 3 minutes and is not followed by a second seizure. Any normally healthy person can have a single seizure under certain conditions. For instance, a sharp blow to the head may cause a seizure. Having one seizure does not always mean that a serious health problem exists. But if you have a first-time seizure, you should be checked by your doctor. It is important to rule out a serious illness that may have caused the seizure. Fever seizures (febrile convulsions) are the most common cause of a single seizure, especially in children. For more information, see the topic Fever Seizures.

Causes of seizures

Epilepsy is a nervous system problem that causes seizures. It can develop at any age. For more information, see the topic Epilepsy.

A seizure can be a symptom of another health problem, such as:

  • A rapidly increasing fever (fever seizure).
  • An extremely low blood sugar level in a person who has diabetes.
  • Damage to the brain from a stroke, brain surgery, or a head injury.
  • Problems that have been present since birth (congenital problems).
  • Withdrawal from alcohol, prescription medicine, or illegal drugs.
  • An infection, such as meningitis or encephalitis.
  • A brain tumor or structural defect in the brain, such as an aneurysm.
  • Parasitic infections, such as tapeworm or toxoplasmosis.

Symptoms:

General

  • The person may yell or cry out.
  • Stiffen.
  • Difficulty breathing (look for pale or bluish skin).
  • Jerking motions.
  • Falling.
  • May last 1-4 minutes.

Treatment:

  • Remain calm.
  • Move all sharp edged objects out of the persons way to help keep them from injuring themselves.
  • Monitor their breathing.
  • Do NOT try to restrain the person, you cannot stop the seizure.
  • Do not force anything into the persons mouth or give them anything to eat or drink.
  • Once the seizure has subsided.
  • Help the person lay down and place something soft under their head.
  • Turn them to one side so they don’t risk choking on their saliva.
  • Remove tight or restricting clothing and jewelry.
  • The person will probably feel confused and disoriented.
  • They will also be very tired, let them sleep but stay with them until they have awoken and are fully awake and alert/aware.
  • Do not give them anything to eat or drink until they have fully recovered.

Call emergency if

  • If this is a first time.
  • If the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes.
  • If the person has one seizure after another.
  • If the person is pregnant, injured, diabetic, or has requested an ambulance.
  • If the person is not breathing correctly within one minute after the seizure. If needed begin CPR.

Prevention:

Note: If you think you may have a seizure disorder or are being evaluated for one, do not drive, operate heavy machinery, swim, climb ladders, or participate in other potentially dangerous activities until you have been specifically cleared to do these things by your doctor.

Many causes of seizures, such as some forms of epilepsy, cannot be prevented. But head injury is a common cause of seizures and epilepsy that you may be able to prevent. To prevent a head injury:

  • Wear your seat belt when you are in a motor vehicle. Use child car seats.
  • Do not use alcohol or other drugs before or during sports (such as soccer, football, horseback riding, or bicycling) or when operating an automobile or other equipment.
  • Wear a helmet and other protective clothing whenever you are bicycling, motorcycling, skating, kayaking, horseback riding, skiing, snowboarding, or rock climbing.
  • Wear a hard hat if you work in an industrial or construction area.
  • Do not dive into shallow or unfamiliar water.
  • Prevent falls at home by removing hazards that might cause a fall.
 First aid video for seizures -1

First aid video for seizures -2

 

First Aid Snake Bite

First aid – Snake bite

Overview:

Snakes are remarkable animals, successful on land, in the sea, in forests, in grasslands, in lakes, and in deserts. Despite their sinister reputation, snakes are almost always more scared of you than you are of them. Most snakes do not act aggressive toward humans without provocation.

Snakes are meat eaters and they catch prey that includes insects, birds, small mammals, and other reptiles, sometimes including other snakes. Only about 400 of 3,000 snake species worldwide are poisonous. About 25 species of poisonous snakes are found in North America. Many snakes kill their prey by constriction. In constriction, a snake suffocates its prey by tightening its hold around the chest, preventing breathing or causing direct cardiac arrest. Snakes do not kill by crushing prey. Some snakes grab prey with their teeth and then swallow it whole.

Snakes are cold-blooded. Thus, they are unable to increase their body temperature and stay active when it is cold outside. They are most active at 25-32 C (77-90 F).

Definition:

Snake bites occur when a snake bites the skin. They are medical emergencies if the snake is venomous.

Venomous animals account for a large number of deaths and injuries, worldwide. Snakes alone are estimated to inflict 2.5 million venomous bites each year, resulting in about 125,000 deaths. The actual number may be much larger. Southeast Asia, India, Brazil, and areas of Africa have the most deaths due to snakebite.

Alternative Names:

Bites – snakes

Considerations:

Snake bites can be deadly if not treated quickly. Children are at higher risk for death or serious complications due to snake bites because of their smaller body size.

The right anti venom can save a person’s life. Getting to an emergency room as quickly as possible is very important. If properly treated, many snake bites will not have serious effects.

Causes:

Venomous snake bites include bites by any of the following:

  • Cobra
  • Copperhead
  • Coral snake
  • Cottonmouth (water moccasin)
  • Rattlesnake
  • Viper
  • Various snakes found at zoos

All snakes will bite when threatened or surprised, but most will usually avoid people if possible, and only bite as a last resort.

Snakes found in and near water are often mistaken as being venomous. Most species of snake are harmless and many bites are not life-threatening, but unless you are absolutely sure that you know the species, treat it seriously.

Symptoms:

Symptoms depend on the type of snake, but may include:

  • Bleeding from wound
  • Blurred vision
  • Burning of the skin
  • Convulsions
  • Diarrhea
  • Dizziness
  • Excessive sweating
  • Fainting
  • Fang marks in the skin
  • Fever
  • Increased thirst
  • Loss of muscle coordination
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Numbness and tingling
  • Rapid pulse
  • Tissue death
  • Severe pain
  • Skin discoloration
  • Swelling at the site of the bite
  • Weakness.

Rattlesnake bites are painful when they occur. Symptoms usually begin right away and may include:

  • Bleeding
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Blurred vision
  • Eyelid drooping
  • Low blood pressure
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Numbness
  • Pain at site of bite
  • Paralysis
  • Rapid pulse
  • Skin color changes
  • Swelling
  • Tingling
  • Tissue damage
  • Thirst
  • Tiredness
  • Weakness
  • Weak pulse.

Cottonmouth and copperhead bites are painful right when they occur. Symptoms, which usually begin right away, may include:

  • Bleeding
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Low blood pressure
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Numbness and tingling
  • Pain at site of bite
  • Shock
  • Skin color changes
  • Swelling
  • Thirst
  • Tiredness
  • Tissue damage
  • Weakness
  • Weak pulse

Physically based symptoms:

  • Most snake bites, whether by a venomous snake or not, will have some type of local effect. There can be minor pain and redness in over 90% of cases, although this varies depending on the site.
  • Bites by vipers and some cobras may be extremely painful, with the local area sometimes becoming tender and severely swollen within 5 minutes. The bite area may also bleed and blister.
  • Pit viper bites may include lethargy, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. Then over time may develop more life-threatening symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid breathing, severe tachycardia (heart beats very fast), altered perception of what is happening around them and respiratory failure (breathing difficulty or breathing stops). It this happens CPR should be applied.

First Aid:

1. Keep the person calm. Reassure them that bites can be effectively treated in an emergency room. Restrict movement, and keep the affected area below heart level to reduce the flow of venom.

2. If you have a pump suction device (such as that made by Sawyer), follow the manufacturer’s directions.

3. Remove any rings or constricting items, because the affected area may swell. Create a loose splint to help restrict movement of the area.

4. If the area of the bite begins to swell and change color, the snake was probably venomous.

5. Monitor the person’s

  • vital signs
  • pulse
  • shock
  • paleness

temperature, , rate of breathing, and blood pressure — if possible. If there are signs of (such as ), lay the person flat, raise the feet about a foot, and cover the person with a blanket.

6. Get medical help right away.

7. Bring in the dead snake only if this can be done safely. Do not waste time hunting for the snake, and do not risk another bite if it is not easy to kill the snake. Be careful of the head when transporting it — a snake can actually bite for several hours after it’s dead (from a reflex).

Snake Identifiers:

Now lets get down to the points that serve as snake identifiers:

  • Length: When it comes to the length of the snake, the first thing that you have to do is imagine how it would look when it is stretched out. The small snakes would be up to 12 inches (30 cm) long and they would include snakes like red belly snake, brown snake. Then there are the medium sized snakes queen snakes, milk snakes, etc. And then you have the large snakes like the cobras, rattlesnakes, water snakes, etc. 
  • Shape: This acts as an important snake identifier. The question that you have to ask yourself is whether the body of the snake is slender, heavy or thick. The thick snake would include the cottonmouth, boa, etc. while the slender one will include the ribbon snake, vine snake, etc.
  • Head: This might be a confusing snake identifier because many snakes are actually known to flatten their heads when they are threatened. This can be a bit confusing owing to the fact that pit vipers are known to have arrowheads.
  • Eyes: This is rather a simply snake identification technique that can help you tell apart a poisonous from a non-poisonous one. Non-venomous snakes are known to have a round pupil whereas the venomous snakes are known to have a vertical pupil similar to the cat’s eye.

Although it is a true fact that snakes can be dangerous, you have to remember that they usually keep to themselves. So, if you’ve found a snake in your yard or inside your home, worry not. The snake can be easily identified – all you have to do is take note of the identifiers I have listed above. This information can then be conveyed to a professional, who in turn will determine whether or not the snake is poisonous.

When to Seek Medical Care:

Any snakebite victim should go to a hospital emergency department. Identification of the snake as venomous or nonvenomous should not be used as criteria whether to seek medical care. If someone can identify the type of snake, a call to the emergency department will help the staff prepare for quick treatment with antivenin, if needed. Bites by nonvenomous species require proper wound care. Victims should receive a tetanus booster if they have not had one within the last 5 years.

Snake bite Self-Care at Home:

Common sense, hopefully, will guide a person’s efforts if they are bitten by a snake or are witness to someone else being bitten. Even a bite from a nonvenomous snake requires excellent wound care. The patient needs a tetanus booster if he or she has not had one within 5 years. Wash the wound with large amounts of soap and water. Inspect the wound for broken teeth or dirt.

Take the following measures:

  • Prevent a second bite or a second victim. Do not try to catch the snake as this can lead to additional victims or bites. Snakes can continue to bite and inject venom with successive bites until they run out of venom.
  • Identify or be able to describe the snake, but only if it can be done without significant risk for a second bite or a second victim.
  • Safely and rapidly transport the victim to an emergency medical facility.
  • Individuals should provide emergency medical care within the limits of their training.

The two guiding principles for care often conflict during evacuation from remote areas:

  • First, the victim should get to an emergency care facility as quickly as possible because antivenin (medicine to counteract the poisonous effects of the snake’s venom) could be life-saving.
  • Second, the affected limb should be used as little as possible to delay absorption and circulation of the venom.

Snakebite Prevention:

The snake is almost always more scared of the human, than the human is of the snake, it is assumed because giving the snake the opportunity to escape prevents most bites. However, most snakes will try to bite if cornered or frightened.

  • Avoid areas where snakes may be hiding, such as under rocks and logs.
  • Even though most snakes are not venomous, avoid picking up or playing with any snake unless you have been properly trained.
  • If you hike often, consider buying a snake bite kit (available from hiking supply stores). Do not use older snake bite kits, such as those containing razor blades and suction bulbs.
  • Don’t provoke a snake. That is when many serious snake bites occur.
  • Tap ahead of you with a walking stick before entering an area where you can’t see your feet. Snakes will try to avoid you if given enough warning.
  • When hiking in an area known to have snakes, wear long pants and boots if possible.
  • Snakebites are often associated with alcohol use. Alcohol intake can weaken a person’s inhibitions, making it more likely that they might attempt to pick up a snake. Alcohol also decreases coordination, increasing the probability of a mishap.
  • Individuals can help prevent significant bites by wearing boots while hiking or working where snakes may live. Long pants can reduce the severity of a bite. When in snake country, be cautious where you place your hands and feet (for example, when gathering firewood or collecting berries), and never walk barefooted.

Snakebite Dos and Don ‘ts:

  • DO remain calm and try to slow down your breathing by breathing in and out of your nose.
  • DO keep the wound below your heart level.
  • DO monitor your or the victims vital signs.
  • DO keep the portion of the body that was bitten immobilized and move it as little as possible.
  • DO wash the wound with soap and water if available.
  • DO lay the victim flat with their feet raised about 1 foot above their body if they go into shock.
  • DO remove any rings, necklaces, watches, ankle wraps, knee braces, or anything else that could be restrictive to proper blood flow.
  • DO loosely apply a bandage roughly 2 to 4 inches above the bite on the side closest to your heart if you are unable to seek specialized care within approximately 30 minutes. However, the bandage should be loose enough to be able to place 1 to 2 fingers underneath it. The idea here is to slow down the venom without significantly disrupting blood flow or cutting off blood flow all together. Be sure to check the bandage frequently to ensure it remains semi-loose as the limb may continue to swell and require the bandage be readjusted.

Don ‘ts:

  • NO aspirin or other pain relievers.
  • NO tourniquets. This cuts blood flow completely and may result in loss of the affected limb.
  • DO NOT try to suck the venom out of the wound or cut into the bite with a knife. Such measures have not been proven useful and may cause further injury (see below explanation).
  • DO NOT apply a cold compress or ice on the bite. Research has shown this to be potentially harmful.
  • DO NOT raise the wound above the heart. Raising it can cause venom to travel into the body. Holding it down, can increase swelling.
  • DO NOT use electric shock or a stun gun on the bite area. This method is under study and has yet to be proven effective. It could harm the victim.
  • DO NOT wash the snake bite area treatment strongly recommend against cleaning the wound. Traces of venom left on the skin/bandages from the strike can be used in combination with a snake bite identification kit to identify the species of snake. This speeds determination of which anti-venom to administer in the emergency room.
  • DO NOT try and capture the snake. If it’s safe you can try to take a photo with a camera or with your phone. This is the best way in aiding snake identification.

Click the below link to download the snakebite first aid PPT

 fm-snake_bite-16-12-14

Snakebite first aid & tips

First aid for snakebite

First Aid Rib Injury

First aid- Rib Injury

Structure of the ribs:

The ribcage consists of 24 curved ribs arranged in 12 pairs. Each pair is attached to a vertebra in the spine. At the front of the body, the first seven pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum (breastbone) by cartilage known as costal cartilage. These ribs are often called ‘true ribs’.

The next three pairs of ribs aren’t connected to the sternum. Instead, costal cartilage attaches these ‘false ribs’ to the last pair of true ribs. The remaining two pairs aren’t attached at the front of the body at all and are known as ‘floating ribs’.

The ribcage is supported by ligaments and muscles, including the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles). These muscles allow the ribcage to expand when you breathe in and to drop when you breathe out.

The ribcage supports the upper body, protects internal organs, including the heart and lungs, and assists with breathing. Rib injuries include bruises, torn cartilage and bone fractures. Chest trauma may also cause life-threatening injuries such as a punctured lung or a ruptured aorta.

Common causes of rib injury include motor vehicle accidents and falls. Treatment aims to relieve pain while the injury heals.

The ribs are fairly resistant to injury, but sometimes accidents happen. The most common injury is a rib fracture, and these are more commonly found in adults. The reason for this is that children have more elasticity in their bones, which causes them to break less easily. Another common injury to the ribs is muscle strains.

Rib fractures:

Rib Fractures are usually caused by a direct blow (or fall) to the ribs. Ribs 4-9 are the most commonly broken because they would receive the most pressure in the event of a direct blow. The following are symptoms of a broken rib:

  • Severe localized pain
  • Sharp pain with any motion of the chest (breathing, coughing, sneezing, laughing).
  • See your doctor if any of the following things occur, as they may indicate complications from the fracture such as a pierced lung.
  • You become short of breath, or your breathing is labored and difficult.
  • You become lightheaded.
  • The area swells.
  • When the injured area (place where the pain is greatest) is gently pressed a “crunching” sound is heard.
  • The pain seems very severe or “deep”.
  • There is pain in your abdomen.
  • You are coughing up blood.
  • There is blood in your urine.

Remember, if you are unsure if you have broken a rib you should see a doctor to make sure. Also keep in mind that about 25% of rib fractures will not show up on an x-ray. These injuries cannot be cast, due to their position, but to ease the pain and discomfort a elastic ace bandage may be wrapped around the persons chest. If you are able to continue doing most of your everyday activities with only minimal pain it’s a good sign. If there is a deep pain, or you are unable to partake in everyday activities it may be a sign of a worse injury and you should consult your doctor.

Symptoms of rib injuries

The symptoms of rib injuries depend on the type and severity of the injury, but can include:

  • Pain at the injury site
  • Pain when the ribcage flexes – with movement, with a deep breath or when you cough, sneeze or laugh
  • Crunching or grinding sounds (crepitus) when the injury site is touched or moved.
  • Muscle spasms of the ribcage.
  • Deformed appearance of the ribcage.
  • Breathing difficulties.
  • Dusky or blue lips or nail beds

Common cause of injury

Rib injuries typically occur when the chest is directly hit. Situations that could cause blunt injuries to the ribcage include:

  • Motor vehicle accidents – for example, slamming the chest against the steering wheel
  • Crush injuries – for example, a heavy object landing directly on the chest
  • Sports-related injuries – for example, a heavy tackle
  • Falling from a reasonable height – for example, off a roof or ladder
  • Assault – for example, getting hit by a baseball bat.

Risk of serious injury

The ribs enclose vital organs such as the heart and lungs, so chest trauma can cause life-threatening injuries. These can include:

  • Pneumothorax – collapsed lung due to changes in pressure within the chest. This could be caused by a broken rib tearing the lung or a puncture in the chest wall. Symptoms can include breathing difficulties, chest pain and coughing up blood.
  • Cardiac and associated blood vessel injury – for example, trauma to the blood vessel servicing the heart (coronary artery) or a tear in the main artery of the body (aorta).
  • Splenic rupture – the spleen is located on the left side of the abdomen. Its roles include filtering the blood to remove abnormal cells and the manufacture of some immune system cells including antibodies and lymphocytes. Splenic rupture means the outer capsule has split and the spleen bleeds into the abdominal cavity.

Broken Rib Complications

The most common complication of broken ribs is not being able to take a deep breath because it hurts. If you don’t breathe deep enough, mucous and moisture can build up in the lungs and lead to an infection such as pneumonia.

Displaced rib fractures can damage other tissues or organs and sometimes lead to collapsed lungs (pneumothorax) or internal bleeding.

It’s important to keep your lungs healthy. As you heal, practice taking deep breaths. It’s important not to be afraid of taking the pain medication as prescribed, because keeping the pain under control is important for taking strong, deep breaths

How is a fractured rib diagnosed:

Your doctor will ask questions about your injury and do a physical exam. The doctor may:

  • Push on your chest to find out where you are hurt.
  • Watch you breathe and listen to your lungs to make sure air is moving in and out normally.
  • Listen to your heart.
  • Check your head, neck, spine, and belly to make sure there are no other injuries.

You may need to have an X-ray or other imaging test if your doctor isn’t sure about your symptoms. But rib fractures don’t always show up on X-rays. So you may be treated as though you have a fractured rib even if an X-ray doesn’t show any broken bones.

Treatment:

  • One of the first things you should do is apply ice to the injured area. Icing the injury early on can help reduce the inflammation and pain.
  • Over the counter pain medication may also be given to ease the pain. If it hurts to breath and move, which is likely, then you should wrap and elastic ace bandage around the persons chest to help restrict movement.
  • Discourage the person from taking deep breaths and partaking in activities (if you are hiking, take a break, and move slowly when you begin again). Encourage the person to take shallow breaths, go slowly, and rest often.
  • Loosen the bandage around their waist once an hour and have them take a couple deep breaths, it may hurt, but it should be done anyway. Apply ice packs (wrapped in a cloth, rather than placed directly on the skin) for about 30 minutes every two hours for two or three days.
  • As for movement and activities, a simple rule applies: if it hurts, don’t do it. The injury should heal in 4-6 weeks depending on the severity of the break. The pain of the injury will gradually decrease.

Muscle Strains:

Muscle strains are another common rib injury. The muscles affected in this injury are more often the muscles attached to the rib cage than the muscles along the chest wall. They can be injured by over stretching, or by sudden violent contractions. Sports like tennis, golf, baseball, and basketball can cause this sort of aggravation. Occasionally strains are confused with a heart attack because of the severity and location of the pull.

First aid video for rib injury-1

First aid video for rib injury-2

First Aid Poison

Poison

We live in a world where we are surrounded by poisons- we can inhale them, swallow or ingest them, absorb them through our skin, or have them injected into our bodies. Each year about 2.5 million poisonings are reported to poison control centers and approximately 1,000 of them become fatal. Knowing the signs and symptoms or poisonings, being aware of the poisons in your home, and keeping the number of the poison control center handy. Preventing the poisoning to begin with is the best first aid you can possibly give. Here are some good tips to remember about poisons.

Just because a package doesn’t have a warning label, you shouldn’t assume that it’s not a poison or that it’s safe.

Symptoms of poisoning can happen instantly or take hours, days, months or even years to become apparent. So if you suspect poisoning for any reason, get help. As the cliche goes- it is always better to be safe than sorry.

Suspect a poisoning if someone suddenly appears to take ill, or if a person is found unconscious or ‘ill’ near a fire, furnace, a car, or in an area that is very badly ventilated

** Important Poison Control Center Update!! **

* The Poison C. C. is no longer recommending the use of ipecac syrup *

Why?

Ipecac works systemically- it must be absorbed into the blood stream, therefore it does not act instantly. It may also cause aspiration, or seizures ((LINK)). Also, because the Syrup causes you to throw up you run the risk of throwing up things you did not want to, for example other medications the person may be taking for separate problems/conditions.

Common poisons include:

Medications can be poisonous! One of the reasons you’re never supposed to take somebody else’s medication because their dosage may not be right for you and can cause serious problems. Medicine also need to be stored in safe places so that children cannot access them.

  • Household cleaning products and detergents.
  • Plant/garden products (weed killer, some fertilizers).
  • Insecticides, rodent and snail poisons.
  • Paints, paint thinners, and lead paint chips (swallowing paint, or inhaling fumes).
  • Chemicals found at ones job, or in ones home for use in things like pools (chlorine, rat poison, kerosene etc).
  • Illegal drugs.
  • Poisonous plants such as poison ivy- which will cause a reaction, and others which will be toxic if eaten such as some varieties of mushroom or berries.
  • Animals with venomous stings, poisonous sprays, bites etc.
  • Food that has gone bad, or been cooked incorrectly.
  • Carbon Monoxide gas fumes, or other noxious fumes such as those expelled by cars, chemical reactions, or in a fire.
  • Some cosmetics can be poisonous if used incorrectly (swallowed /misted in eyes perfumes or aftershaves)

Symptoms:

Symptoms of poisoning again may appear instantaneously or the poisoning may be cumulative and symptoms may take years to become apparent. Below is a list of some symptoms that are along the “occur soon after the poisoning” variety.

  • Chest pain
  • Abdominal pain
  • Cough
  • Diarrhea
  • Confusion
  • Bluish lips (cyanosis)
  • Dizziness
  • Double vision
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Shortness of breath
  • Drowsiness
  • Unconsciousness
  • Weakness
  • Headache
  • Seizures
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Loss of bladder control
  • Burns around lips or mouth
  • Burning pain in throat or mouth
  • Skin rashes or burns
  • Stupor
  • Irritability
  • Muscle twitching
  • Numbness or tingling
  • Fever
  • Pale, cool or clammy skin
  • Heart palpitations (a rapid, weak or erratic pulse)
  • Unusual breath odor
  • Ringing in the ears
  • Smell of fumes or odors

Treatment:

A brief list of Do Nots’

  • Do Not give a poison victim (conscious or not) anything by mouth unless instructed to do so by the poison control center.
  • Do Not induce vomiting unless instructed by the PCC. If the poison burned on the way down it could also burn on the way up.
  • Do Not try to neutralize the poison with anything you have heard will help, such as lemon juice or vinegar, unless you are instructed to- they could aggravate the situation further.
  • Do not wait for symptoms to develop if you suspect a poisoning. Get help immediately, call your local PCC or if the victim is unconscious or the injury seems serious 911 before the PCC.
  • Do Not go by the instructions on a label when it comes to treating poison, as many labels have out of date instructions.

First aid for poisoning by swallowing or ingesting:

  • If you suspect or know that someone has been poisoned, call the Poison control center immediately. Within the USA you can call 1800-222-1222 to automatically be connected with the PCC in your state. National Poisons Information Centre (NPIC) for india and Toll Free No. – 1800 116 117
  • However, if the person who has been poisoned has stopped breathing, requires EAR (pulse) CPR (no pulse) or become unconscious, call 911 (or your local emergency service) before calling the PCC.
  • Check and monitor the victim’s airway, breathing and circulation. If the victim becomes unconscious or if necessary for other reasons, begin CPR. If there is something lodged in the persons throat Do NOT give CPR until the object has been removed.
  • Try to make sure that the victim has indeed been poisoned, this may be difficult as it is sometimes difficult to tell, especially if the victim in unconscious or very young. Some signs include chemical-smelling breath, burns around the mouth, difficulty breathing, vomiting, or unusual odors on the victim. If possible, identify the poison.
  • Only induce vomiting if the poison control center tells you to do so.
  • If the victim vomits, protect the airway. If you must clear the victim’s airway, wrap a cloth around your fingers before cleaning out his or her mouth and throat to protect yourself from any poison that may have been left in the mouth or throat. If the victim has vomited a plant part, save the vomit, as it may allow identification by an expert who can then determine an antidote.

If the victim starts having seizures, click here for the first aid

  • Reassure the victim and keep him or her comfortable. Position the victim on their left side while getting or awaiting medical help.
  • Call the Poison Center for any poison taken by mouth, whether it was swallowed or not. Never induce vomiting unless instructed to do so by the poison center or your doctor. You may be instructed to give the victim sips of water or milk. CAUTION: Some out-of date first-aid and health information charts may contain incorrect treatment information. DO NOT give raw eggs, salt, vinegar or citrus fruit juices to induce vomiting or to neutralize the poison. These treatments are not only ineffective, but may be extremely dangerous.
  • If possible, have the poisonous substance or its container within reach while you are speaking with the Poison Center.
  • If you are instructed to go to a hospital emergency department, take the substance or its container with you.

First aid for poisoning by inhalation.

Unless it is necessary to perform CPR first, call the Poison Control Center, or for very serious reactions call 911, and then the PCC.

Take several deep breaths of fresh air, then hold your breath as you go in. If it is safe to do so, rescue the victim from the danger of the gas, fumes, or smoke. Hold a wet cloth over your nose and mouth. Open windows and doors to remove the fumes. Understand that in very serious situations- such as a fire- you may not be able to rescue the victim, and the safer choice would be waiting for help to arrive then directing them as best you can.

  • Avoid lighting a match as some gases may ignite.
  • Once the victim has been removed from danger, check his or her airway, breathing, and circulation. If necessary, perform EAR (rescue breathing) and CPR.
  • As necessary, perform first aid for skin burns, eye injuries, or seizures.
  • If the victim vomits, protect his or her airway.
  • Even if the victim seems perfectly fine, get medical help. Sometimes poison symptoms take a while to surface.
  • DO NOT use activated charcoal in the first aid treatment for poisoning unless advised by the Poisons Control Center.
  • Poison on the Skin.
  • Remove any contaminated clothing, taking care to avoid contact with the chemical.
  • Flush the skin with cool – lukewarm running water for 20 minutes.
  • Call the PCC to find out if any additional aid needs to be given. If the reactions to the poison seem serious, or from a chemical you are unfamiliar with call 911 or go to the ER.
  • If possible, have the poisonous substance or its container within reach while you are speaking with the Poison Center.
  • If you are instructed to go to a hospital emergency department, take the substance or its container with you.

Poison in the Eye:

  • Remove contact lenses if worn.
  • The eyes must be irrigated for a full 15/20 minutes with cool-lukewarm water.
  • Eyes do not have to be held open continuously during the flushing treatment; opening and closing the eyes repeatedly during irrigation helps carry the water to all parts of the eye.
  • Call the PCC to find out if any additional aid needs to be given. If the reactions to the poison seem serious, or from a chemical you are unfamiliar with call 911 or go to the ER.
  • If possible, have the poisonous substance or its container within reach while you are speaking with the Poison Center.
  • If you are instructed to go to a hospital emergency department, take the substance or its container with you.

Prevention:

  • Be aware of poisons in and around your home. Take steps to protect young children from toxic substances. Store all medicines, cleaners, cosmetics, and household chemicals out of reach of children, or in cabinets with childproof latches.
  • Be familiar with plants in your home, yard, and vicinity. Keep your children informed, too. Remove any noxious plants. Never eat wild plants, mushrooms, roots, or berries unless you know what you’re doing.
  • Teach children about the dangers of substances that contain poison. Label all poisons.
  • Don’t store household chemicals in food containers, even if they are labeled. Most non-food substances are poisonous if taken in large doses.
  • If you are concerned that industrial poisons might be polluting nearby land or water, report your concerns to the local health department or the state or federal Environmental Protection Agency.
  • Store medicines, chemicals and household products safely out of reach and out of sight of children, up high (at least 4 ½ ft) in a locked or child resistant cupboard.
  • Do not take other people’s medicines.
  • Separate medicines from household products.
  • Use medicines and chemicals safely. Be sure that all products are properly labeled and in their original containers.
  • Clean out your medicine cupboard periodically. Take out-of-date medicines to a pharmacy for disposal.
  • Children tend to mimic adults, so avoid taking medicines in their presence.
  • Do not refer to medicines as being sweet, or tasting like candy,
  • Use personal protection equipment when spraying or painting. Ensure there is adequate ventilation, with circulating air.
  • Remove any contaminated clothing immediately.
  • Keep everything in original containers never in cups or soft drink bottles.
  • Obtain a history- look for empty bottles, containers, and sometimes suicide notes. If possible, ascertain what poison or medicine has been taken, including how much and when.
  • The Poison Center recommends that all homes with young children should have a first-aid kit that contains activated charcoal. Never use this substance without first calling the poison center or your doctor.
  • Remember, that the PCC isn’t just for emergencies- it’s a great source of information and the people who work there are trained to answer your questions about poisons and how to prevent and recognize problems before they start.

First Aid Nose Bleeds

First aid – Nose bleeds

Overview:

Most nosebleeds are not usually serious and can be stopped with home treatment. Most nosebleeds occur in the front of the nose (anterior epistaxis) and involve only one nostril. Some blood may drain down the back of the nose into the throat. Many things may make a nosebleed more likely.

The nose contains many small blood vessels that bleed easily. Air moving through the nose can dry and irritate the membranes lining the inside of the nose. Crusts can form that bleed when irritated. Nosebleeds occur more often in the winter, when cold viruses are common and indoor air tends to be drier.

Most nosebleeds occur on the front of the nasal septum. This is the piece of the tissue that separates the two sides of the nose. This type of nosebleed can be easy for a trained professional to stop. Less commonly, nosebleeds may occur higher on the septum / deeper in the nose. Such nosebleeds may be harder to control. However, nosebleeds are rarely life-threatening.

  • Changes in the environment. For example:
    • Cold, dry climates; low humidity
    • High altitude
    • Chemical fumes
    • Smoke
  • Injury to the nose. For example:
    • Hitting or bumping the nose
    • Blowing or picking the nose
    • Piercing the nose
    • An object in the nose. This is more common in children, who may put things up their noses, but may be found in adults, especially after an automobile accident, when a piece of glass may have entered the nose.

Definition:

A nose fracture is a break in the bone or cartilage over the bridge, or in the sidewall or septum (structure that divides the nostrils) of the nose.

Alternative Names:

Fracture of the nose; Broken nose; Nasal fracture; Nasal bone fracture; Nasal septal fracture

Causes:

Nosebleed can be caused by:

  • Irritation due to allergies, colds, sneezing or sinus problems.
  • Very cold or dry air.
  • Blowing the nose very hard, or picking the nose.
  • Injury to nose, including a broken nose, or an object stuck in the nose.
  • Deviated septum.
  • Chemical irritants.
  • Overuse of decongestant nasal sprays.

Repeated nosebleeds may be a symptom of another disease such as high blood pressure, a bleeding disorder, or a tumor of the nose or sinuses. Blood thinners, such as warfarin (Coumadin),  clopidogrel (Plavix), or aspirin, may cause or worsen nosebleeds.

Symptoms:

  • Blood coming from the nose.
  • Bruising around the eyes.
  • Difficulty breathing through the nose.
  • Misshapen appearance (may not be obvious until the swelling goes down).
  • Pain.
  • Swelling.

The bruised appearance usually disappears after 2 weeks.

Considerations:

A fractured nose is the most common fracture of the face. It usually occurs after an injury and often occurs with other fractures of the face. Sometimes a blunt injury can cause the wall dividing the nostrils to separate.

Nose injuries and neck injuries are often seen together. A blow that is forceful enough to injure the nose may be hard enough to injure the neck.

Serious nose injuries cause problems that need a health care provider’s attention right away. For example, damage to the cartilage can cause a collection of blood to form inside the nose. If this blood is not drained right away, it can cause an abscess or a permanent deformity that blocks the nose. It may lead to tissue death and cause the nose to collapse.

For minor nose injuries, the health care provider may want to see the person within the first week after the injury to see if the nose has moved out of its normal shape.

Sometimes, surgery may be needed to correct a nose or septum that has been bent out of shape by an injury.

Who’s At Risk:

Those people living in cold, dry climates; those who suffer from colds and/or use nasal sprays; those with certain medical conditions, such as bleeding abnormalities; and those who disturb the blood vessels in the nose by picking are prone to nosebleeds.

Additionally, people who participate in strenuous activity or exercise, such as athletes, are prone to nosebleeds.

First Aid Guide:

The following self-care measures are recommended:

  1. Have the person suffering the nosebleed sit upright and lean forward. He/she should breathe out of his/her mouth.
  2. If there are any clots in the nostril, have the person gently blow them out.
  3. Firmly pinch the soft part of the nose, and place a cold compress on the bridge of the nose. This should be done continuously for 15 minutes. Do not release the pressure on the nose.
  4. If the person’s nose is still bleeding, repeat the above steps one more time.

Note: If the person’s nose is still bleeding after repeating the above steps one time, seek medical care.

In the case of an object lodged in the nose, removing the object promptly is important in avoiding infection as well as the possibility of the object moving further back into the nose. The below self-care measures should be attempted to remove the object.

  1. Determine which nostril is affected.
  2. Put gentle pressure on the opposite nostril using 1 finger.
  3. Have the person blow their nose.
  4. Encourage the person to sneeze by having him/her sniff pepper.

Note: Do not stick anything in the nose (eg, tweezers, pliers) to attempt to pull out the object.

In the case of a suspected broken nose, seek medical care. While awaiting medical care, the following self-care measures can be followed:

  1. Have the person breathe out of his/her mouth.
  2. Have the person sit upright and lean forward to help keep blood from going down the back of the throat.
  3. Apply a cold compress to the nose.

Note: Do not attempt to straighten a broken nose.

How to stop a nosebleed:

Follow these steps to stop a nosebleed:

      • Sit up straight, and tip your head slightly forward.Note: Do not tilt your head back. This may cause blood to run down the back of your throat, and you may swallow it. Swallowed blood can irritate your stomach and cause vomiting. And vomiting may make the bleeding worse or cause it to start again. Spit out any blood that gathers in your mouth and throat rather than swallowing it.
      • Use your thumb and forefinger to firmly pinch the soft part of your nose shut. The nose consists of a hard, bony part and a softer part made of cartilage. Nosebleeds usually occur in the soft part of the nose. Spraying the nose with a medicated nasal spray (such as Afrin) before applying pressure may help stop a nosebleed. You will have to breathe through your mouth.
      • Apply an ice pack to your nose and cheeks. Cold will constrict the blood vessels and help stop the bleeding.
      • Keep pinching for a full 10 minutes. Use a clock to time the 10 minutes. It can seem like a long time. Resist the urge to peek after a few minutes to see if your nose has stopped bleeding.
      • Check to see if your nose is still bleeding after 10 minutes. If it is, hold it for 10 more minutes. Most nosebleeds will stop after 10 to 20 minutes of direct pressure.
      • Put a light coating of a moisturizing ointment (such as Vaseline) or an antiseptic nasal cream inside your nose. Do not blow your nose or put anything else inside your nose for at least 12 hours after the bleeding has stopped.
      • Rest quietly for a few hours.

When to Contact a Medical Professional:

Get emergency care if:

  • Bleeding does not stop after 20 minutes.
  • Nose bleeding occurs after a head injury. This may suggest a skull fracture, and x-rays should be taken.
  • Your nose may be broken (for example, it is in odd shape after a hit to the nose or other injury).

Call your doctor if:

  • You or your child has repeated nosebleeds.
  • Nosebleeds are occurring often.
  • Nosebleeds are not associated with a cold or other minor irritation.

Home Care:

To stop a nosebleed:

  • Sit down and gently squeeze the soft portion of the nose between your thumb and finger (so that the nostrils are closed) for a full 10 minutes.
  • Lean forward to avoid swallowing the blood and breathe through your mouth.
  • Wait at least 10 minutes before checking if the bleeding has stopped. Be sure to allow enough time for the bleeding to stop.

It may help to apply cold compresses or ice across the bridge of the nose. Do NOT pack the inside of the nose with gauze.

Lying down with a nosebleed is not recommended. You should avoid sniffing or blowing your nose for several hours after a nosebleed. If bleeding persists, a nasal spray decongestant (Afrin, Neo Synephrine) can sometimes be used to close off small vessels and control bleeding.

Things you can do to prevent frequent nosebleeds include:

  • Keep the home cool and use a vaporizer to add moisture to the inside air.
  • Use nasal saline spray and water-soluble jelly (such as Ayr gel) to prevent nasal linings from drying out in the winter.

Prevention:

The following tips may reduce your risk for developing nosebleeds.

  • Use saltwater (saline) nose drops or a spray.
  • Avoid forceful nose-blowing.
  • your finger in your nose to remove crusts.
  • Avoid lifting or straining after a nosebleed.
  • Elevate your head on one or two pillows while sleeping.
  • Apply a light coating of a moisturizing ointment, such as Vaseline, to the inside of your nose.
  • Limit your use of aspirin and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Acetaminophen, such as Tylenol, may be used to relieve pain. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label.
  • Use prescription blood thinners, such as warfarin (such as Councilman), enoxaparin (Lovenox), and clopidogrel (Plavix) as instructed by your doctor.
  • Do not use nonprescription antihistamines, decongestants, or medicated nasal sprays. These medicines can help control cold and allergy symptoms, but overuse may dry the inside of the nose (mucous membranes) and cause nosebleeds.
  • Keep your blood pressure under control if you have a history of high blood pressure. This will help decrease the risk of nosebleeds.
  • Do not smoke. Smoking slows healing. For more information, see the topic Quitting Smoking.
  • Do not use illegal drugs, such as cocaine or amphetamines.

Make changes in your home

  • Humidify your home, especially the bedrooms. Low humidity is a common cause of nosebleeds.
  • Keep the heat low [60°F (16°C) to 64°F (18°C)] in sleeping areas. Cooler air does not dry out the nasal passages.
  • Breathe moist air, such as from a shower, for a while if your nose becomes very dry. Then put a little moisturizing ointment, such as Vaseline, inside your nostrils to help prevent bleeding. But do not put anything inside your nose if your nose is bleeding. Occasional use of saline nasal sprays may also help keep nasal tissue moist.

Prevent nosebleeds in children

  • Keep your child’s fingernails trimmed, and discourage nose-picking.
  • Caution children not to put any object in their noses.

First Aid – Do’s:

  • Sit upright and tilt your head slightly forward. Pinch the soft part of your nose by applying pressure using thumb and a finger. Pinching sends pressure to the bleeding point on the nasal septum and often stops the flow of blood.
  • Breathe through your mouth while the nostrils are pinched.
  • After 10 minutes, check if the bleeding has stopped by releasing the pressure. If the bleeding hasn’t stopped, reapply the pressure for another 10 minutes.
  • Apply an ice pack to your nose and cheeks. Cold will constrict the blood vessels and help stop the bleeding.
  • Once the bleeding has stopped, rest quietly for a few hours.
  • Crying may worsen the bleeding by increasing the blood flow to the face. If your child has a nose bleed and crying, reassure the child to keep calm and relaxed.

First Aid – Don’ts:

  • Don’t pick or blow your nose.
  • Don’t speak, swallow, cough, or sniff because this may disturb blood clots (if any) formed in the nose.
  • Don’t allow the head to tilt back. This may allow the blood to run down the throat causing vomiting.
  • Don’t bend down for several hours after the bleeding episode.

How to Treat Nose Bleeds

First aid – Nose Bleed